This document gives an overview of the DNABarcodeCompatibility R package with a brief description of the set of tools that it contains. The package includes six main functions that are briefly described below with examples. These functions allow one to load a list of DNA barcodes (such as the Illumina TruSeq small RNA kits), to filter these barcodes according to distance and nucleotide content criteria, to generate sets of compatible barcode combinations out of the filtered barcode list, and finally to generate an optimized selection of barcode combinations for multiplex sequencing experiments. In particular, the package provides an optimizer function to favour the selection of compatible barcode combinations with least heterogeneity in the frequencies of DNA barcodes, and allows one to keep barcodes that are robust against substitution and insertion/deletion errors, thereby facilitating the demultiplexing step.
The DNABarcodeCompatibility package also contains:
experiment_design() allowing one to perform all steps
in one go.IlluminaIndexesRaw and IlluminaIndexes for running
and testing examples.The package deals with the three existing sequencing-by-synthesis chemistries from Illumina:
library("DNABarcodeCompatibility")# This function is created for the purpose of the documentation
export_dataset_to_file =
function(dataset = DNABarcodeCompatibility::IlluminaIndexesRaw) {
if ("data.frame" %in% is(dataset)) {
write.table(dataset,
textfile <- tempfile(),
row.names = FALSE, col.names = FALSE, quote=FALSE)
return(textfile)
} else print(paste("The input dataset isn't a data.frame:",
"NOT exported into file"))
}The function experiment_design() uses a Shannon-entropy maximization approach
to identify a set of compatible barcode combinations in which the frequencies
of occurrences of the various DNA barcodes are as uniform as possible.
The optimization can be performed in the contexts of single and dual barcoding.
It performs either an exhaustive or a random search of compatible DNA-barcode
combinations, depending on the size of the DNA-barcode set used, and on the
number of samples to be multiplexed.
txtfile <- export_dataset_to_file (
dataset = DNABarcodeCompatibility::IlluminaIndexesRaw
)
experiment_design(file1=txtfile,
sample_number=12,
mplex_level=3,
platform=4)
## [1] "Theoretical max entropy: 2.48491"
## [1] "Entropy of the optimized set: 2.48491"
## sample Lane Id sequence
## 1 1 1 RPI02 CGATGT
## 2 2 1 RPI07 CAGATC
## 3 3 1 RPI19 GTGAAA
## 4 4 2 RPI12 CTTGTA
## 5 5 2 RPI42 TAATCG
## 6 6 2 RPI47 TCGAAG
## 7 7 3 RPI10 TAGCTT
## 8 8 3 RPI15 ATGTCA
## 9 9 3 RPI31 CACGAT
## 10 10 4 RPI20 GTGGCC
## 11 11 4 RPI30 CACCGG
## 12 12 4 RPI35 CATTTTtxtfile <- export_dataset_to_file (
dataset = DNABarcodeCompatibility::IlluminaIndexesRaw
)
experiment_design(file1=txtfile,
sample_number=12,
mplex_level=3,
platform=2)
## [1] "Theoretical max entropy: 2.48491"
## [1] "Entropy of the optimized set: 2.48491"
## sample Lane Id sequence
## 1 1 1 RPI06 GCCAAT
## 2 2 1 RPI07 CAGATC
## 3 3 1 RPI42 TAATCG
## 4 4 2 RPI16 CCGTCC
## 5 5 2 RPI29 CAACTA
## 6 6 2 RPI48 TCGGCA
## 7 7 3 RPI04 TGACCA
## 8 8 3 RPI09 GATCAG
## 9 9 3 RPI15 ATGTCA
## 10 10 4 RPI12 CTTGTA
## 11 11 4 RPI37 CGGAAT
## 12 12 4 RPI43 TACAGCtxtfile <- export_dataset_to_file (
dataset = DNABarcodeCompatibility::IlluminaIndexesRaw
)
experiment_design(file1=txtfile,
sample_number=12,
mplex_level=3,
platform=1)
## [1] "Theoretical max entropy: 2.48491"
## [1] "Entropy of the optimized set: 2.48491"
## sample Lane Id sequence
## 1 1 1 RPI04 TGACCA
## 2 2 1 RPI06 GCCAAT
## 3 3 1 RPI26 ATGAGC
## 4 4 2 RPI01 ATCACG
## 5 5 2 RPI42 TAATCG
## 6 6 2 RPI44 TATAAT
## 7 7 3 RPI14 AGTTCC
## 8 8 3 RPI37 CGGAAT
## 9 9 3 RPI40 CTCAGA
## 10 10 4 RPI25 ACTGAT
## 11 11 4 RPI32 CACTCA
## 12 12 4 RPI45 TCATTCtxtfile <- export_dataset_to_file (
dataset = DNABarcodeCompatibility::IlluminaIndexesRaw
)
experiment_design(file1=txtfile,
sample_number=12,
mplex_level=3,
platform=4,
metric = "hamming",
d = 3)
## [1] "Theoretical max entropy: 2.48491"
## [1] "Entropy of the optimized set: 2.48491"
## sample Lane Id sequence
## 1 1 1 RPI08 ACTTGA
## 2 2 1 RPI27 ATTCCT
## 3 3 1 RPI42 TAATCG
## 4 4 2 RPI20 GTGGCC
## 5 5 2 RPI35 CATTTT
## 6 6 2 RPI43 TACAGC
## 7 7 3 RPI10 TAGCTT
## 8 8 3 RPI11 GGCTAC
## 9 9 3 RPI12 CTTGTA
## 10 10 4 RPI15 ATGTCA
## 11 11 4 RPI22 CGTACG
## 12 12 4 RPI45 TCATTC# Select the first half of barcodes from the dataset
txtfile1 <- export_dataset_to_file (
DNABarcodeCompatibility::IlluminaIndexesRaw[1:24,]
)
# Select the second half of barcodes from the dataset
txtfile2 <- export_dataset_to_file (
DNABarcodeCompatibility::IlluminaIndexesRaw[25:48,]
)
# Get compatibles combinations of least redundant barcodes
experiment_design(file1=txtfile1,
sample_number=12,
mplex_level=3,
platform=4,
file2=txtfile2)
## [1] "Theoretical max entropy: 2.48491"
## [1] "Entropy of the optimized set: 2.48491"
## Id Lane
## 1 RPI06 1
## 2 RPI07 1
## 3 RPI15 1
## 4 RPI01 2
## 5 RPI19 2
## 6 RPI23 2
## 7 RPI04 3
## 8 RPI05 3
## 9 RPI13 3
## 10 RPI02 4
## 11 RPI10 4
## 12 RPI11 4
## [1] "Theoretical max entropy: 2.48491"
## [1] "Entropy of the optimized set: 2.48491"
## Id Lane
## 1 RPI30 1
## 2 RPI39 1
## 3 RPI48 1
## 4 RPI38 2
## 5 RPI44 2
## 6 RPI45 2
## 7 RPI34 3
## 8 RPI37 3
## 9 RPI43 3
## 10 RPI25 4
## 11 RPI40 4
## 12 RPI46 4
## Id Lane sequence
## 1 RPI06 1 GCCAAT
## 2 RPI07 1 CAGATC
## 3 RPI15 1 ATGTCA
## 4 RPI01 2 ATCACG
## 5 RPI19 2 GTGAAA
## 6 RPI23 2 GAGTGG
## 7 RPI04 3 TGACCA
## 8 RPI05 3 ACAGTG
## 9 RPI13 3 AGTCAA
## 10 RPI02 4 CGATGT
## 11 RPI10 4 TAGCTT
## 12 RPI11 4 GGCTAC
## Id Lane sequence
## 1 RPI30 1 CACCGG
## 2 RPI39 1 CTATAC
## 3 RPI48 1 TCGGCA
## 4 RPI38 2 CTAGCT
## 5 RPI44 2 TATAAT
## 6 RPI45 2 TCATTC
## 7 RPI34 3 CATGGC
## 8 RPI37 3 CGGAAT
## 9 RPI43 3 TACAGC
## 10 RPI25 4 ACTGAT
## 11 RPI40 4 CTCAGA
## 12 RPI46 4 TCCCGA
## sample Lane Id1 sequence1 Id2 sequence2
## 1 1 1 RPI06 GCCAAT RPI30 CACCGG
## 2 2 1 RPI07 CAGATC RPI39 CTATAC
## 3 3 1 RPI15 ATGTCA RPI48 TCGGCA
## 4 4 2 RPI01 ATCACG RPI38 CTAGCT
## 5 5 2 RPI19 GTGAAA RPI44 TATAAT
## 6 6 2 RPI23 GAGTGG RPI45 TCATTC
## 7 7 3 RPI04 TGACCA RPI34 CATGGC
## 8 8 3 RPI05 ACAGTG RPI37 CGGAAT
## 9 9 3 RPI13 AGTCAA RPI43 TACAGC
## 10 10 4 RPI02 CGATGT RPI25 ACTGAT
## 11 11 4 RPI10 TAGCTT RPI40 CTCAGA
## 12 12 4 RPI11 GGCTAC RPI46 TCCCGA# Select the first half of barcodes from the dataset
txtfile1 <- export_dataset_to_file (
DNABarcodeCompatibility::IlluminaIndexesRaw[1:24,]
)
# Select the second half of barcodes from the dataset
txtfile2 <- export_dataset_to_file (
DNABarcodeCompatibility::IlluminaIndexesRaw[25:48,]
)
# Get compatibles combinations of least redundant barcodes
experiment_design(file1=txtfile1, sample_number=12, mplex_level=3, platform=4,
file2=txtfile2, metric="hamming", d=3)
## [1] "Theoretical max entropy: 2.48491"
## [1] "Entropy of the optimized set: 2.48491"
## Id Lane
## 1 RPI07 1
## 2 RPI14 1
## 3 RPI17 1
## 4 RPI01 2
## 5 RPI08 2
## 6 RPI11 2
## 7 RPI03 3
## 8 RPI09 3
## 9 RPI16 3
## 10 RPI04 4
## 11 RPI05 4
## 12 RPI21 4
## [1] "Theoretical max entropy: 2.48491"
## [1] "Entropy of the optimized set: 2.48491"
## Id Lane
## 1 RPI35 1
## 2 RPI40 1
## 3 RPI48 1
## 4 RPI25 2
## 5 RPI39 2
## 6 RPI46 2
## 7 RPI26 3
## 8 RPI32 3
## 9 RPI44 3
## 10 RPI37 4
## 11 RPI43 4
## 12 RPI45 4
## Id Lane sequence
## 1 RPI07 1 CAGATC
## 2 RPI14 1 AGTTCC
## 3 RPI17 1 GTAGAG
## 4 RPI01 2 ATCACG
## 5 RPI08 2 ACTTGA
## 6 RPI11 2 GGCTAC
## 7 RPI03 3 TTAGGC
## 8 RPI09 3 GATCAG
## 9 RPI16 3 CCGTCC
## 10 RPI04 4 TGACCA
## 11 RPI05 4 ACAGTG
## 12 RPI21 4 GTTTCG
## Id Lane sequence
## 1 RPI35 1 CATTTT
## 2 RPI40 1 CTCAGA
## 3 RPI48 1 TCGGCA
## 4 RPI25 2 ACTGAT
## 5 RPI39 2 CTATAC
## 6 RPI46 2 TCCCGA
## 7 RPI26 3 ATGAGC
## 8 RPI32 3 CACTCA
## 9 RPI44 3 TATAAT
## 10 RPI37 4 CGGAAT
## 11 RPI43 4 TACAGC
## 12 RPI45 4 TCATTC
## sample Lane Id1 sequence1 Id2 sequence2
## 1 1 1 RPI07 CAGATC RPI35 CATTTT
## 2 2 1 RPI14 AGTTCC RPI40 CTCAGA
## 3 3 1 RPI17 GTAGAG RPI48 TCGGCA
## 4 4 2 RPI01 ATCACG RPI25 ACTGAT
## 5 5 2 RPI08 ACTTGA RPI39 CTATAC
## 6 6 2 RPI11 GGCTAC RPI46 TCCCGA
## 7 7 3 RPI03 TTAGGC RPI26 ATGAGC
## 8 8 3 RPI09 GATCAG RPI32 CACTCA
## 9 9 3 RPI16 CCGTCC RPI44 TATAAT
## 10 10 4 RPI04 TGACCA RPI37 CGGAAT
## 11 11 4 RPI05 ACAGTG RPI43 TACAGC
## 12 12 4 RPI21 GTTTCG RPI45 TCATTCThis section guides you through the detailed API of the package with the aim to
help you build your own workflow. The package is designed to be flexible and
should be easily adaptable to most experimental contexts, using the
experiment_design() function as a template, or building your own workflow
from scratch.
The file_loading_and_checking() function loads the file containing the DNA
barcodes set and analyzes its content. In particular, it checks that each
barcode in the set is unique and uniquely identified (removing any repetition
that occurs). It also checks the homogeneity of size of the barcodes,
calculates their GC content and detects the presence of homopolymers of
length >= 3.
file_loading_and_checking(
file = export_dataset_to_file(
dataset = DNABarcodeCompatibility::IlluminaIndexesRaw
)
)
## Id sequence GC_content homopolymer
## 1 RPI01 ATCACG 50.00 FALSE
## 2 RPI02 CGATGT 50.00 FALSE
## 3 RPI03 TTAGGC 50.00 FALSE
## 4 RPI04 TGACCA 50.00 FALSE
## 5 RPI05 ACAGTG 50.00 FALSE
## 6 RPI06 GCCAAT 50.00 FALSE
## 7 RPI07 CAGATC 50.00 FALSE
## 8 RPI08 ACTTGA 33.33 FALSE
## 9 RPI09 GATCAG 50.00 FALSE
## 10 RPI10 TAGCTT 33.33 FALSE
## 11 RPI11 GGCTAC 66.67 FALSE
## 12 RPI12 CTTGTA 33.33 FALSE
## 13 RPI13 AGTCAA 33.33 FALSE
## 14 RPI14 AGTTCC 50.00 FALSE
## 15 RPI15 ATGTCA 33.33 FALSE
## 16 RPI16 CCGTCC 83.33 FALSE
## 17 RPI17 GTAGAG 50.00 FALSE
## 18 RPI18 GTCCGC 83.33 FALSE
## 19 RPI19 GTGAAA 33.33 TRUE
## 20 RPI20 GTGGCC 83.33 FALSE
## 21 RPI21 GTTTCG 50.00 TRUE
## 22 RPI22 CGTACG 66.67 FALSE
## 23 RPI23 GAGTGG 66.67 FALSE
## 24 RPI24 GGTAGC 66.67 FALSE
## 25 RPI25 ACTGAT 33.33 FALSE
## 26 RPI26 ATGAGC 50.00 FALSE
## 27 RPI27 ATTCCT 33.33 FALSE
## 28 RPI28 CAAAAG 33.33 TRUE
## 29 RPI29 CAACTA 33.33 FALSE
## 30 RPI30 CACCGG 83.33 FALSE
## 31 RPI31 CACGAT 50.00 FALSE
## 32 RPI32 CACTCA 50.00 FALSE
## 33 RPI33 CAGGCG 83.33 FALSE
## 34 RPI34 CATGGC 66.67 FALSE
## 35 RPI35 CATTTT 16.67 TRUE
## 36 RPI36 CCAACA 50.00 FALSE
## 37 RPI37 CGGAAT 50.00 FALSE
## 38 RPI38 CTAGCT 50.00 FALSE
## 39 RPI39 CTATAC 33.33 FALSE
## 40 RPI40 CTCAGA 50.00 FALSE
## 41 RPI41 GACGAC 66.67 FALSE
## 42 RPI42 TAATCG 33.33 FALSE
## 43 RPI43 TACAGC 50.00 FALSE
## 44 RPI44 TATAAT 0.00 FALSE
## 45 RPI45 TCATTC 33.33 FALSE
## 46 RPI46 TCCCGA 66.67 TRUE
## 47 RPI47 TCGAAG 50.00 FALSE
## 48 RPI48 TCGGCA 66.67 FALSEThe total number of combinations depends on the number of available barcodes
and of the multiplex level. For 48 barcodes and a multiplex level of 3, the
total number of combinations (compatible or not) can be calculated using
choose(48,3), which gives 17296 combinations. In many
cases the total number of combinations can become much larger (even gigantic),
and one cannot perform an exhaustive search
(see get_random_combinations() below).
# Total number of combinations
choose(48,2)
## [1] 1128
# Load barcodes
barcodes <- DNABarcodeCompatibility::IlluminaIndexes
# Time for an exhaustive search
system.time(m <- get_all_combinations(index_df = barcodes,
mplex_level = 2,
platform = 4))
## user system elapsed
## 0.282 0.004 0.286
# Each line represents a compatible combination of barcodes
head(m)
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] "RPI04" "RPI35"
## [2,] "RPI05" "RPI19"
## [3,] "RPI06" "RPI12"
## [4,] "RPI07" "RPI17"
## [5,] "RPI10" "RPI39"
## [6,] "RPI18" "RPI25"# Total number of combinations
choose(48,3)
## [1] 17296
# Load barcodes
barcodes <- DNABarcodeCompatibility::IlluminaIndexes
# Time for an exhaustive search
system.time(m <- get_all_combinations(index_df = barcodes,
mplex_level = 3,
platform = 4))
## user system elapsed
## 6.097 0.048 6.146
# Each line represents a compatible combination of barcodes
head(m)
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] "RPI01" "RPI02" "RPI48"
## [2,] "RPI01" "RPI03" "RPI07"
## [3,] "RPI01" "RPI03" "RPI08"
## [4,] "RPI01" "RPI03" "RPI09"
## [5,] "RPI01" "RPI03" "RPI10"
## [6,] "RPI01" "RPI03" "RPI16"When the total number of combinations is too high, it is recommended to pick combinations at random and then select those that are compatible.
# Total number of combinations
choose(48,3)
## [1] 17296
# Load barcodes
barcodes <- DNABarcodeCompatibility::IlluminaIndexes
# Time for a random search
system.time(m <- get_random_combinations(index_df = barcodes,
mplex_level = 2,
platform = 4))
## user system elapsed
## 0.197 0.004 0.201
# Each line represents a compatible combination of barcodes
head(m)
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] "RPI05" "RPI19"
## [2,] "RPI07" "RPI17"
## [3,] "RPI22" "RPI45"
## [4,] "RPI26" "RPI42"
## [5,] "RPI27" "RPI45"# Total number of combinations
choose(48,4)
## [1] 194580
# Load barcodes
barcodes <- DNABarcodeCompatibility::IlluminaIndexes
# Time for a random search
system.time(m <- get_random_combinations(index_df = barcodes,
mplex_level = 4,
platform = 4))
## user system elapsed
## 1.072 0.000 1.072
# Each line represents a compatible combination of barcodes
head(m)
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] "RPI01" "RPI02" "RPI14" "RPI45"
## [2,] "RPI01" "RPI16" "RPI26" "RPI44"
## [3,] "RPI01" "RPI25" "RPI26" "RPI45"
## [4,] "RPI01" "RPI18" "RPI21" "RPI28"
## [5,] "RPI01" "RPI07" "RPI09" "RPI20"
## [6,] "RPI01" "RPI24" "RPI43" "RPI48"# Total number of combinations
choose(48,6)
## [1] 12271512
# Load barcodes
barcodes <- DNABarcodeCompatibility::IlluminaIndexes
# Time for a random search
system.time(m <- get_random_combinations(index_df = barcodes,
mplex_level = 6,
platform = 4))
## user system elapsed
## 1.808 0.000 1.807
# Each line represents a compatible combination of barcodes
head(m)
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
## [1,] "RPI01" "RPI05" "RPI24" "RPI39" "RPI47" "RPI48"
## [2,] "RPI01" "RPI14" "RPI15" "RPI23" "RPI33" "RPI43"
## [3,] "RPI01" "RPI10" "RPI11" "RPI19" "RPI23" "RPI38"
## [4,] "RPI01" "RPI07" "RPI19" "RPI27" "RPI31" "RPI34"
## [5,] "RPI01" "RPI08" "RPI18" "RPI21" "RPI36" "RPI39"
## [6,] "RPI01" "RPI03" "RPI24" "RPI29" "RPI36" "RPI43"# Load barcodes
barcodes <- DNABarcodeCompatibility::IlluminaIndexes
# Perform a random search of compatible combinations
m <- get_random_combinations(index_df = barcodes,
mplex_level = 3,
platform = 4)
# Keep barcodes that are robust against one substitution error
filtered_m <- distance_filter(index_df = barcodes,
combinations_m = m,
metric = "hamming",
d = 3)
# Each line represents a compatible combination of barcodes
head(filtered_m)
## V1 V2 V3
## [1,] "RPI01" "RPI04" "RPI23"
## [2,] "RPI01" "RPI05" "RPI24"
## [3,] "RPI01" "RPI15" "RPI45"
## [4,] "RPI01" "RPI46" "RPI48"
## [5,] "RPI01" "RPI08" "RPI11"
## [6,] "RPI02" "RPI04" "RPI23"# Keep set of compatible barcodes that are robust against one substitution
# error
filtered_m <- distance_filter(
index_df = DNABarcodeCompatibility::IlluminaIndexes,
combinations_m = get_random_combinations(index_df = barcodes,
mplex_level = 3,
platform = 4),
metric = "hamming", d = 3)
# Use a Shannon-entropy maximization approach to reduce barcode redundancy
df <- optimize_combinations(combination_m = filtered_m,
nb_lane = 12,
index_number = 48)
## [1] "Theoretical max entropy: 3.58352"
## [1] "Entropy of the optimized set: 3.58352"
# Each line represents a compatible combination of barcodes and each row a lane
# of the flow cell
df
## V1 V2 V3
## [1,] "RPI18" "RPI23" "RPI32"
## [2,] "RPI06" "RPI08" "RPI38"
## [3,] "RPI37" "RPI42" "RPI45"
## [4,] "RPI03" "RPI15" "RPI28"
## [5,] "RPI02" "RPI09" "RPI43"
## [6,] "RPI16" "RPI21" "RPI29"
## [7,] "RPI05" "RPI24" "RPI41"
## [8,] "RPI17" "RPI26" "RPI31"
## [9,] "RPI01" "RPI34" "RPI44"
## [10,] "RPI19" "RPI30" "RPI39"
## [11,] "RPI25" "RPI27" "RPI46"
## [12,] "RPI04" "RPI07" "RPI35"# Keep set of compatible barcodes that are robust against multiple substitution
# and insertion/deletion errors
filtered_m <- distance_filter(
index_df = DNABarcodeCompatibility::IlluminaIndexes,
combinations_m = get_random_combinations(index_df = barcodes,
mplex_level = 3,
platform = 4),
metric = "seqlev", d = 4)
# Use a Shannon-entropy maximization approach to reduce barcode redundancy
df <- optimize_combinations(combination_m = filtered_m,
nb_lane = 12,
index_number = 48)
## [1] "Theoretical max entropy: 3.58352"
## [1] "Entropy of the optimized set: 2.57211"
# Each line represents a compatible combination of barcodes and each row a
# lane of the flow cell
df
## V1 V2 V3
## [1,] "RPI20" "RPI30" "RPI47"
## [2,] "RPI16" "RPI21" "RPI43"
## [3,] "RPI16" "RPI21" "RPI43"
## [4,] "RPI20" "RPI30" "RPI47"
## [5,] "RPI16" "RPI21" "RPI43"
## [6,] "RPI20" "RPI30" "RPI47"
## [7,] "RPI19" "RPI35" "RPI46"
## [8,] "RPI01" "RPI19" "RPI35"
## [9,] "RPI24" "RPI28" "RPI35"
## [10,] "RPI24" "RPI28" "RPI35"
## [11,] "RPI11" "RPI23" "RPI28"
## [12,] "RPI11" "RPI23" "RPI28"