glmGamPoi Quickstart
2021-10-26
Contents
Fit Gamma-Poisson Generalized Linear Models Reliably.
The core design aims of gmlGamPoi are:
- Fit the Gamma-Poisson models on arbitrarily large or small datasets
- Be faster than alternative methods, such as
DESeq2oredgeR - Calculate exact or approximate results based on user preference
- Support in memory or on-disk data
- Follow established conventions around tools for RNA-seq analysis
- Present a simple user-interface
- Avoid unnecessary dependencies
- Make integration into other tools easy
1 Installation
You can install the release version of glmGamPoi from BioConductor:
if (!requireNamespace("BiocManager", quietly = TRUE))
install.packages("BiocManager")
BiocManager::install("glmGamPoi")For the latest developments, see the GitHub repo.
2 Example
Load the glmGamPoi package
library(glmGamPoi)To fit a single Gamma-Poisson GLM do:
# overdispersion = 1/size
counts <- rnbinom(n = 10, mu = 5, size = 1/0.7)
# design = ~ 1 means that an intercept-only model is fit
fit <- glm_gp(counts, design = ~ 1)
fit
#> glmGamPoiFit object:
#> The data had 1 rows and 10 columns.
#> A model with 1 coefficient was fitted.
# Internally fit is just a list:
as.list(fit)[1:2]
#> $Beta
#> Intercept
#> [1,] 1.504077
#>
#> $overdispersions
#> [1] 0.3792855The glm_gp() function returns a list with the results of the fit. Most importantly, it contains the estimates for the coefficients β and the overdispersion.
Fitting repeated Gamma-Poisson GLMs for each gene of a single cell dataset is just as easy:
I will first load an example dataset using the TENxPBMCData package. The dataset has 33,000 genes and 4340 cells. It takes roughly 1.5 minutes to fit the Gamma-Poisson model on the full dataset. For demonstration purposes, I will subset the dataset to 300 genes, but keep the 4340 cells:
library(SummarizedExperiment)
library(DelayedMatrixStats)# The full dataset with 33,000 genes and 4340 cells
# The first time this is run, it will download the data
pbmcs <- TENxPBMCData::TENxPBMCData("pbmc4k")
#> snapshotDate(): 2021-10-18
#> see ?TENxPBMCData and browseVignettes('TENxPBMCData') for documentation
#> loading from cache
# I want genes where at least some counts are non-zero
non_empty_rows <- which(rowSums2(assay(pbmcs)) > 0)
pbmcs_subset <- pbmcs[sample(non_empty_rows, 300), ]
pbmcs_subset
#> class: SingleCellExperiment
#> dim: 300 4340
#> metadata(0):
#> assays(1): counts
#> rownames(300): ENSG00000126457 ENSG00000109832 ... ENSG00000143819
#> ENSG00000188243
#> rowData names(3): ENSEMBL_ID Symbol_TENx Symbol
#> colnames: NULL
#> colData names(11): Sample Barcode ... Individual Date_published
#> reducedDimNames(0):
#> mainExpName: NULL
#> altExpNames(0):I call glm_gp() to fit one GLM model for each gene and force the calculation to happen in memory.
fit <- glm_gp(pbmcs_subset, on_disk = FALSE)
summary(fit)
#> glmGamPoiFit object:
#> The data had 300 rows and 4340 columns.
#> A model with 1 coefficient was fitted.
#> The design formula is: Y~1
#>
#> Beta:
#> Min 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max
#> Intercept -8.51 -6.57 -3.91 -2.59 0.903
#>
#> deviance:
#> Min 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max
#> 14 86.8 657 1686 5507
#>
#> overdispersion:
#> Min 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max
#> 0 1.65e-13 0.288 1.84 24687
#>
#> Shrunken quasi-likelihood overdispersion:
#> Min 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max
#> 0.707 0.991 1 1.04 7.45
#>
#> size_factors:
#> Min 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max
#> 0.117 0.738 1.01 1.32 14.5
#>
#> Mu:
#> Min 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max
#> 2.34e-05 0.00142 0.0185 0.0779 35.83 Benchmark
I compare my method (in-memory and on-disk) with DESeq2 and edgeR. Both are classical methods for analyzing RNA-Seq datasets and have been around for almost 10 years. Note that both tools can do a lot more than just fitting the Gamma-Poisson model, so this benchmark only serves to give a general impression of the performance.
# Explicitly realize count matrix in memory so that it is a fair comparison
pbmcs_subset <- as.matrix(assay(pbmcs_subset))
model_matrix <- matrix(1, nrow = ncol(pbmcs_subset))
bench::mark(
glmGamPoi_in_memory = {
glm_gp(pbmcs_subset, design = model_matrix, on_disk = FALSE)
}, glmGamPoi_on_disk = {
glm_gp(pbmcs_subset, design = model_matrix, on_disk = TRUE)
}, DESeq2 = suppressMessages({
dds <- DESeq2::DESeqDataSetFromMatrix(pbmcs_subset,
colData = data.frame(name = seq_len(4340)),
design = ~ 1)
dds <- DESeq2::estimateSizeFactors(dds, "poscounts")
dds <- DESeq2::estimateDispersions(dds, quiet = TRUE)
dds <- DESeq2::nbinomWaldTest(dds, minmu = 1e-6)
}), edgeR = {
edgeR_data <- edgeR::DGEList(pbmcs_subset)
edgeR_data <- edgeR::calcNormFactors(edgeR_data)
edgeR_data <- edgeR::estimateDisp(edgeR_data, model_matrix)
edgeR_fit <- edgeR::glmFit(edgeR_data, design = model_matrix)
}, check = FALSE, min_iterations = 3
)
#> # A tibble: 4 x 6
#> expression min median `itr/sec` mem_alloc `gc/sec`
#> <bch:expr> <bch:tm> <bch:tm> <dbl> <bch:byt> <dbl>
#> 1 glmGamPoi_in_memory 2.29s 2.38s 0.384 533.17MB 1.15
#> 2 glmGamPoi_on_disk 6.18s 6.32s 0.156 851.02MB 0.832
#> 3 DESeq2 22.1s 22.88s 0.0439 1.08GB 0.322
#> 4 edgeR 13.91s 13.93s 0.0708 1.18GB 0.567On this dataset, glmGamPoi is more than 5 times faster than edgeR and more than 18 times faster than DESeq2. glmGamPoi does not use approximations to achieve this performance increase. The performance comes from an optimized algorithm for inferring the overdispersion for each gene. It is tuned for datasets typically encountered in single RNA-seq with many samples and many small counts, by avoiding duplicate calculations.
To demonstrate that the method does not sacrifice accuracy, I compare the parameters that each method estimates. The means and β coefficients are identical, but that the overdispersion estimates from glmGamPoi are more reliable:
# Results with my method
fit <- glm_gp(pbmcs_subset, design = model_matrix, on_disk = FALSE)
# DESeq2
dds <- DESeq2::DESeqDataSetFromMatrix(pbmcs_subset,
colData = data.frame(name = seq_len(4340)),
design = ~ 1)
sizeFactors(dds) <- fit$size_factors
dds <- DESeq2::estimateDispersions(dds, quiet = TRUE)
dds <- DESeq2::nbinomWaldTest(dds, minmu = 1e-6)
#edgeR
edgeR_data <- edgeR::DGEList(pbmcs_subset, lib.size = fit$size_factors)
edgeR_data <- edgeR::estimateDisp(edgeR_data, model_matrix)
edgeR_fit <- edgeR::glmFit(edgeR_data, design = model_matrix)
I am comparing the gene-wise estimates of the coefficients from all three methods. Points on the diagonal line are identical. The inferred Beta coefficients and gene means agree well between the methods, however the overdispersion differs quite a bit. DESeq2 has problems estimating most of the overdispersions and sets them to 1e-8. edgeR only approximates the overdispersions which explains the variation around the overdispersions calculated with glmGamPoi.
3.1 Scalability
The method scales linearly, with the number of rows and columns in the dataset. For example: fitting the full pbmc4k dataset with subsampling on a modern MacBook Pro in-memory takes ~1 minute and on-disk a little over 4 minutes. Fitting the pbmc68k (17x the size) takes ~73 minutes (17x the time) on-disk.
3.2 Differential expression analysis
glmGamPoi provides an interface to do quasi-likelihood ratio testing to identify differentially expressed genes. To demonstrate this feature, we will use the data from Kang et al. (2018) provided by the MuscData package. This is a single cell dataset of 8 Lupus patients for which 10x droplet-based scRNA-seq was performed before and after treatment with interferon beta. The SingleCellExperiment object conveniently provides the patient id (ind), treatment status (stim) and cell type (cell):
sce <- muscData::Kang18_8vs8()
#> snapshotDate(): 2021-10-18
#> see ?muscData and browseVignettes('muscData') for documentation
#> loading from cache
colData(sce)
#> DataFrame with 29065 rows and 5 columns
#> ind stim cluster cell multiplets
#> <integer> <factor> <integer> <factor> <factor>
#> AAACATACAATGCC-1 107 ctrl 5 CD4 T cells doublet
#> AAACATACATTTCC-1 1016 ctrl 9 CD14+ Monocytes singlet
#> AAACATACCAGAAA-1 1256 ctrl 9 CD14+ Monocytes singlet
#> AAACATACCAGCTA-1 1256 ctrl 9 CD14+ Monocytes doublet
#> AAACATACCATGCA-1 1488 ctrl 3 CD4 T cells singlet
#> ... ... ... ... ... ...
#> TTTGCATGCTAAGC-1 107 stim 6 CD4 T cells singlet
#> TTTGCATGGGACGA-1 1488 stim 6 CD4 T cells singlet
#> TTTGCATGGTGAGG-1 1488 stim 6 CD4 T cells ambs
#> TTTGCATGGTTTGG-1 1244 stim 6 CD4 T cells ambs
#> TTTGCATGTCTTAC-1 1016 stim 5 CD4 T cells singletFor demonstration purpose, I will work on a subset of the genes and cells:
set.seed(1)
# Take highly expressed genes and proper cells:
sce_subset <- sce[rowSums(counts(sce)) > 100,
sample(which(sce$multiplets == "singlet" &
! is.na(sce$cell) &
sce$cell %in% c("CD4 T cells", "B cells", "NK cells")),
1000)]
# Convert counts to dense matrix
counts(sce_subset) <- as.matrix(counts(sce_subset))
# Remove empty levels because glm_gp() will complain otherwise
sce_subset$cell <- droplevels(sce_subset$cell)We will identify which genes in CD4 positive T-cells are changed most by the treatment. We will fit a full model including the interaction term stim:cell. The interaction term will help us identify cell type specific responses to the treatment:
fit <- glm_gp(sce_subset, design = ~ cell + stim + stim:cell - 1,
reference_level = "NK cells")
summary(fit)
#> glmGamPoiFit object:
#> The data had 9727 rows and 1000 columns.
#> A model with 6 coefficient was fitted.
#> The design formula is: Y~cell + stim + stim:cell - 1
#>
#> Beta:
#> Min 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max
#> cellNK cells -1e+08 -1.00e+08 -3.74 -2.65 4.44
#> cellB cells -1e+08 -1.00e+08 -3.88 -2.94 4.47
#> cellCD4 T cells -1e+08 -5.13e+00 -4.20 -3.05 4.50
#> ...
#>
#> deviance:
#> Min 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max
#> 0 61.9 114 251 5706
#>
#> overdispersion:
#> Min 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max
#> 0 0 0.528 4.01 2762
#>
#> Shrunken quasi-likelihood overdispersion:
#> Min 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max
#> 0.188 0.994 1 1.07 363
#>
#> size_factors:
#> Min 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max
#> 0.489 0.815 1.01 1.2 5.97
#>
#> Mu:
#> Min 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max
#> 0 0.00364 0.016 0.0498 537To see how the coefficient of our model are called, we look at the colnames(fit$Beta):
colnames(fit$Beta)
#> [1] "cellNK cells" "cellB cells"
#> [3] "cellCD4 T cells" "stimstim"
#> [5] "cellB cells:stimstim" "cellCD4 T cells:stimstim"In our example, we want to find the genes that change specifically in T cells. Finding cell type specific responses to a treatment is a big advantage of single cell data over bulk data. To get a proper estimate of the uncertainty (cells from the same donor are not independent replicates), we create a pseudobulk for each sample:
# The contrast argument specifies what we want to compare
# We test the expression difference of stimulated and control T-cells
#
# There is no sample label in the colData, so we create it on the fly
# from `stim` and `ind` columns in colData(fit$data).
de_res <- test_de(fit, contrast = `stimstim` + `cellCD4 T cells:stimstim`,
pseudobulk_by = paste0(stim, "-", ind))
# The large `lfc` values come from groups were nearly all counts are 0
# Setting them to Inf makes the plots look nicer
de_res$lfc <- ifelse(abs(de_res$lfc) > 20, sign(de_res$lfc) * Inf, de_res$lfc)
# Most different genes
head(de_res[order(de_res$pval), ])
#> name pval adj_pval f_statistic df1 df2 lfc
#> 189 IFI6 1.210595e-07 0.0008287879 37.24971 1 53.37495 6.118008
#> 6691 PSME2 1.704098e-07 0.0008287879 36.12409 1 53.37495 3.519394
#> 5181 IFIT3 1.562965e-06 0.0050676545 29.18004 1 53.37495 7.872549
#> 9689 MX1 5.322577e-06 0.0129431768 25.59166 1 53.37495 5.037912
#> 5356 IRF7 1.083792e-05 0.0210840914 23.58798 1 53.37495 4.670868
#> 2321 IGJ 1.343489e-05 0.0217801938 22.99387 1 53.37495 -12.445271The test is successful and we identify interesting genes that are differentially expressed in interferon-stimulated T cells: IFI6, IFIT3, and IRF7 literally stand for Interferon Induced/Regulated Protein.
To get a more complete overview of the results, we can make a volcano plot that compares the log2-fold change (LFC) vs the logarithmized p-values.
library(ggplot2)
ggplot(de_res, aes(x = lfc, y = -log10(pval))) +
geom_point(size = 0.6, aes(color = adj_pval < 0.1)) +
ggtitle("Volcano Plot", "Genes that change most through interferon-beta treatment in T cells")
Another important task in single cell data analysis is the identification of marker genes for cell clusters. For this we can also use our Gamma-Poisson fit.
Let’s assume we want to find genes that differ between T cells and the B cells. We can directly compare the corresponding coefficients and find genes that differ in the control condition:
marker_genes <- test_de(fit, `cellCD4 T cells` - `cellB cells`, sort_by = pval)
head(marker_genes)
#> name pval adj_pval f_statistic df1
#> 2873 CD74 9.414538e-198 9.157521e-194 1411.8278 1
#> 3150 HLA-DRA_ENSG00000204287 7.389636e-180 3.593950e-176 1228.0745 1
#> 3152 HLA-DRB1_ENSG00000196126 1.921033e-121 6.228629e-118 717.8697 1
#> 9116 CD79A_ENSG00000105369 2.307338e-74 5.610869e-71 390.5803 1
#> 3166 HLA-DPA1_ENSG00000231389 3.226069e-70 6.275995e-67 364.8244 1
#> 3167 HLA-DPB1_ENSG00000223865 2.257490e-64 3.659767e-61 329.2877 1
#> df2 lfc
#> 2873 1070.895 -5.052300
#> 3150 1070.895 -7.143245
#> 3152 1070.895 -6.993047
#> 9116 1070.895 -7.282279
#> 3166 1070.895 -5.004210
#> 3167 1070.895 -4.257008If we want find genes that differ in the stimulated condition, we just include the additional coefficients in the contrast:
marker_genes2 <- test_de(fit, (`cellCD4 T cells` + `cellCD4 T cells:stimstim`) -
(`cellB cells` + `cellB cells:stimstim`),
sort_by = pval)
head(marker_genes2)
#> name pval adj_pval f_statistic df1
#> 2873 CD74 8.764649e-187 8.525374e-183 1297.5198 1
#> 3150 HLA-DRA_ENSG00000204287 5.304332e-175 2.579762e-171 1180.6034 1
#> 3152 HLA-DRB1_ENSG00000196126 2.668295e-109 8.651501e-106 626.9933 1
#> 3166 HLA-DPA1_ENSG00000231389 2.972347e-85 7.228005e-82 460.4820 1
#> 3167 HLA-DPB1_ENSG00000223865 1.871362e-71 3.640548e-68 372.4584 1
#> 9116 CD79A_ENSG00000105369 1.327524e-58 2.152138e-55 295.0837 1
#> df2 lfc
#> 2873 1070.895 -4.753566e+00
#> 3150 1070.895 -6.635859e+00
#> 3152 1070.895 -5.969909e+00
#> 3166 1070.895 -5.207105e+00
#> 3167 1070.895 -5.086061e+00
#> 9116 1070.895 -1.442695e+08We identify many genes related to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system that is important for antigen presenting cells like B-cells, but are not expressed by T helper cells. The plot below shows the expression differences.
A note of caution: applying test_de() to single cell data without the pseudobulk gives overly optimistic p-values. This is due to the fact that cells from the same sample are not independent replicates! It can still be fine to use the method for identifying marker genes, as long as one is aware of the difficulties interpreting the results.
# Create a data.frame with the expression values, gene names, and cell types
tmp <- data.frame(gene = rep(marker_genes$name[1:6], times = ncol(sce_subset)),
expression = c(counts(sce_subset)[marker_genes$name[1:6], ]),
celltype = rep(sce_subset$cell, each = 6))
ggplot(tmp, aes(x = celltype, y = expression)) +
geom_jitter(height = 0.1) +
stat_summary(geom = "crossbar", fun = "mean", color = "red") +
facet_wrap(~ gene, scales = "free_y") +
ggtitle("Marker genes of B vs. T cells")
4 Session Info
sessionInfo()
#> R version 4.1.1 (2021-08-10)
#> Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit)
#> Running under: Windows Server x64 (build 17763)
#>
#> Matrix products: default
#>
#> locale:
#> [1] LC_COLLATE=C
#> [2] LC_CTYPE=English_United States.1252
#> [3] LC_MONETARY=English_United States.1252
#> [4] LC_NUMERIC=C
#> [5] LC_TIME=English_United States.1252
#>
#> attached base packages:
#> [1] stats4 stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods
#> [8] base
#>
#> other attached packages:
#> [1] ggplot2_3.3.5 muscData_1.7.0
#> [3] ExperimentHub_2.2.0 AnnotationHub_3.2.0
#> [5] BiocFileCache_2.2.0 dbplyr_2.1.1
#> [7] TENxPBMCData_1.11.1 HDF5Array_1.22.0
#> [9] rhdf5_2.38.0 SingleCellExperiment_1.16.0
#> [11] DelayedMatrixStats_1.16.0 DelayedArray_0.20.0
#> [13] Matrix_1.3-4 SummarizedExperiment_1.24.0
#> [15] Biobase_2.54.0 GenomicRanges_1.46.0
#> [17] GenomeInfoDb_1.30.0 IRanges_2.28.0
#> [19] S4Vectors_0.32.0 BiocGenerics_0.40.0
#> [21] MatrixGenerics_1.6.0 matrixStats_0.61.0
#> [23] glmGamPoi_1.6.0 BiocStyle_2.22.0
#>
#> loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
#> [1] colorspace_2.0-2 ellipsis_0.3.2
#> [3] XVector_0.34.0 farver_2.1.0
#> [5] bit64_4.0.5 interactiveDisplayBase_1.32.0
#> [7] AnnotationDbi_1.56.0 fansi_0.5.0
#> [9] splines_4.1.1 sparseMatrixStats_1.6.0
#> [11] cachem_1.0.6 geneplotter_1.72.0
#> [13] knitr_1.36 jsonlite_1.7.2
#> [15] annotate_1.72.0 png_0.1-7
#> [17] shiny_1.7.1 BiocManager_1.30.16
#> [19] compiler_4.1.1 httr_1.4.2
#> [21] assertthat_0.2.1 fastmap_1.1.0
#> [23] bench_1.1.1 cli_3.0.1
#> [25] limma_3.50.0 later_1.3.0
#> [27] htmltools_0.5.2 tools_4.1.1
#> [29] gtable_0.3.0 glue_1.4.2
#> [31] GenomeInfoDbData_1.2.7 dplyr_1.0.7
#> [33] rappdirs_0.3.3 Rcpp_1.0.7
#> [35] jquerylib_0.1.4 vctrs_0.3.8
#> [37] Biostrings_2.62.0 rhdf5filters_1.6.0
#> [39] xfun_0.27 stringr_1.4.0
#> [41] beachmat_2.10.0 mime_0.12
#> [43] lifecycle_1.0.1 XML_3.99-0.8
#> [45] profmem_0.6.0 edgeR_3.36.0
#> [47] zlibbioc_1.40.0 scales_1.1.1
#> [49] promises_1.2.0.1 parallel_4.1.1
#> [51] RColorBrewer_1.1-2 yaml_2.2.1
#> [53] curl_4.3.2 memoise_2.0.0
#> [55] sass_0.4.0 stringi_1.7.5
#> [57] RSQLite_2.2.8 highr_0.9
#> [59] BiocVersion_3.14.0 genefilter_1.76.0
#> [61] filelock_1.0.2 BiocParallel_1.28.0
#> [63] rlang_0.4.12 pkgconfig_2.0.3
#> [65] bitops_1.0-7 evaluate_0.14
#> [67] lattice_0.20-45 purrr_0.3.4
#> [69] Rhdf5lib_1.16.0 labeling_0.4.2
#> [71] bit_4.0.4 tidyselect_1.1.1
#> [73] magrittr_2.0.1 bookdown_0.24
#> [75] DESeq2_1.34.0 R6_2.5.1
#> [77] magick_2.7.3 generics_0.1.1
#> [79] DBI_1.1.1 pillar_1.6.4
#> [81] withr_2.4.2 survival_3.2-13
#> [83] KEGGREST_1.34.0 RCurl_1.98-1.5
#> [85] tibble_3.1.5 crayon_1.4.1
#> [87] utf8_1.2.2 rmarkdown_2.11
#> [89] locfit_1.5-9.4 grid_4.1.1
#> [91] blob_1.2.2 digest_0.6.28
#> [93] xtable_1.8-4 httpuv_1.6.3
#> [95] munsell_0.5.0 bslib_0.3.1